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Combined display of all available logs of Wiki@IndraStra. You can narrow down the view by selecting a log type, the username (case-sensitive), or the affected page (also case-sensitive).
- 08:40, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Pension fund (Created page with "'''Pension fund''' is a financial arrangement or institutional pool of assets established to finance pension benefits for individuals during retirement. Pension funds collect contributions from employers, employees, governments, or other sources and invest those funds in financial or other assets to generate resources for future pension obligations. Pension funds are important institutional investors in financial markets and may invest across Asset class|asset cla...")
- 08:39, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Financial services (Created page with "Category:Financial services")
- 08:39, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Bank (Created page with "'''Bank''' is a financial institution that accepts deposits or other forms of repayable funds, provides credit and financing, facilitates payments, and offers other financial services to individuals, businesses, governments, and other organizations. Banks play a central role in the financial system by intermediating between providers and users of capital and by facilitating the movement of money through payment and settlement systems. Banks may conduct activities in...")
- 08:39, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Financial management (Created page with "Category:Financial management")
- 08:38, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Liquidity management (Created page with "'''Liquidity management''' is the process of ensuring that an organization has sufficient cash and readily available financial resources to meet its obligations when they become due, while seeking to avoid holding excessive amounts of low-yielding liquid assets. It is a fundamental component of Financial management, Risk management, and Asset-liability management. Liquidity management involves forecasting cash flows, maintaining appropriate liquidity res...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:38, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Financial institutions (Created page with "Category:Financial institutions")
- 08:38, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Banking (Created page with "Category:Banking")
- 08:37, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Risk management (Created page with "Category:Risk management")
- 08:37, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Corporate finance (Created page with "Category:Corporate finance")
- 08:37, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Asset-liability management (Created page with "'''Asset-liability management''' ('''ALM''') is a financial management process used to coordinate the management of an organization's assets and liabilities in order to manage liquidity, interest-rate risk, funding requirements, capital, and other financial risks. Asset-liability management is particularly important for banks, insurance companies, pension funds, and other financial institutions whose assets and liabilities may differ...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
- 08:36, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Balance-sheet optimization (Created page with "'''Balance-sheet optimization''' is the process of managing the composition, structure, and allocation of a company's balance sheet to improve financial efficiency, liquidity, profitability, capital adequacy, and risk management while maintaining the organization's strategic and regulatory requirements. Balance-sheet optimization may involve adjusting the mix of assets, liabilities, and Shareholders' equity|shareholders' equit...") Tag: Visual edit
- 03:07, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Hyperparameter optimization (Created page with "'''Hyperparameter optimization''' is the process of selecting values for the hyperparameters of a Machine learning model in order to improve its performance according to a specified evaluation criterion. Unlike model parameters, which are learned from training data, hyperparameters are generally specified before or during the training process and control aspects of model architecture, training, or regularization. Hyperparameter optimization is commonly performed...") Tag: Visual edit
- 03:04, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Cross-validation (statistics) (Created page with "'''Cross-validation (statistics)''' is a statistical resampling technique used to evaluate the performance and generalization ability of a predictive model by repeatedly dividing available data into training and validation subsets. It is widely used in Machine learning for model evaluation, model selection, and hyperparameter tuning. In cross-validation, different portions of the dataset are used for training and validation so tha...") Tag: Visual edit
- 03:02, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Overfitting (Created page with "'''Overfitting''' is a phenomenon in Machine learning in which a model learns the training data too closely, including patterns, noise, or random variations that do not generalize to new or previously unseen data. An overfitted model may achieve very low error on its training dataset while performing substantially worse on validation or test data. Overfitting is commonly associated with models that have excessive complexity relative to the amount or quality of a...") Tag: Visual edit
- 03:01, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Regularization (mathematics) (Created page with "'''Regularization (mathematics)''' is a mathematical technique used to modify an optimization problem by introducing additional constraints or penalty terms to discourage undesirable solutions. In Machine learning, regularization is commonly used to reduce Overfitting by penalizing model complexity and encouraging solutions that generalize better to previously unseen data. A regularized optimization objective can generally be represented as: <math> J(\thet...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:56, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Loss function (Created page with "'''Loss function''' is a mathematical function used in Machine learning and statistical modelling to quantify the difference between a model's predicted output and the desired or observed outcome. It provides a numerical measure of model error that can be used to evaluate and optimize the model's performance. During model training, an optimization algorithm such as Gradient descent attempts to minimize the loss function by adjusting the model's parameters. I...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:52, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Gradient descent (Created page with "'''Gradient descent''' is an iterative optimization algorithm used to minimize a loss function by adjusting the parameters of a mathematical model in the direction that reduces the loss. It is one of the fundamental optimization methods used in Machine learning and Deep learning, particularly for training artificial neural networks. Gradient descent uses the gradient of the loss function to determine the direction of greates...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:50, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Chain rule (Created page with "'''Chain rule''' is a fundamental rule of differential calculus used to calculate the derivative of a composite function. It expresses how the rate of change of an outer function with respect to an inner function combines with the rate of change of the inner function with respect to the independent variable. If a function is defined as: <math> y=f(g(x)) </math> then the derivative of '''y''' with respect to '''x''' is: <math> \frac{dy}{dx} = \frac{dy}{dg} \...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:49, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Backpropagation (Created page with "'''Backpropagation''' is an algorithm used to efficiently calculate the gradients of a loss function with respect to the parameters of an Artificial neural network. It enables neural networks to learn by determining how changes in the network's weights and biases affect the difference between the model's predicted output and the desired output. Backpropagation applies the chain rule of calculus to propagate error information backward through the layers of a...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:48, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Artificial neural network (Created page with "'''Artificial neural network''' ('''ANN''') is a computational model composed of interconnected processing units, commonly called neurons, that is designed to learn patterns and relationships from data. Artificial neural networks are a major component of Machine learning and form the foundation of many Deep learning systems. An artificial neural network typically consists of an input layer, one or more hidden layers, and an output layer. Each connection betw...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:47, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Deep learning (Created page with "'''Deep learning''' is a branch of Machine learning that uses multilayer artificial neural networks to learn complex patterns and representations from data. Deep learning models can automatically learn hierarchical representations from large datasets and are widely used in artificial intelligence applications involving language, images, speech, video, prediction, and decision-making. Deep learning differs from many traditional m...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:47, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Artificial intelligence (Created page with "'''Artificial intelligence''' ('''AI''') is a field of computer science concerned with developing computational systems capable of performing tasks that typically require aspects of human intelligence, including learning, reasoning, perception, language processing, problem-solving, decision-making, and pattern recognition. Artificial intelligence encompasses a broad range of methods and technologies, including Machine learning, Deep learning, Natural langu...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:46, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Machine learning (Created page with "'''Machine learning''' ('''ML''') is a field of artificial intelligence concerned with developing computational methods that enable systems to learn patterns, relationships, and representations from data and use them to make predictions, classifications, decisions, or generate outputs without relying exclusively on explicitly programmed rules. Machine learning systems are trained using data and mathematical algorithms to identify patterns that can be applied to...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:46, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Natural language processing (Created page with "'''Natural language processing''' ('''NLP''') is a field of artificial intelligence and Computational linguistics concerned with enabling computers to process, analyze, interpret, and generate human language. NLP combines methods from computer science, linguistics, statistics, and Machine learning to process language in written, spoken, and other digital forms. Natural language processing is used in applications including machine translation, speech reco...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:45, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Generative artificial intelligence (Created page with "'''Generative artificial intelligence''' ('''generative AI''' or '''GenAI''') is a category of artificial intelligence systems capable of generating new content in response to user inputs or other instructions. Generated content may include text, images, audio, video, software code, and other forms of digital media. Generative artificial intelligence systems learn patterns and representations from training data and use those learned representations to produce ne...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:43, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Large language model (Created page with "'''Large language model''' ('''LLM''') is a type of artificial intelligence model designed to process and generate human language by learning statistical and semantic patterns from large collections of text and other data. Large language models are typically based on Deep learning architectures and are trained to predict or generate sequences of tokens, enabling them to perform tasks such as text generation, summarization, translation, question answering, inf...") Tag: Visual edit
- 02:41, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Diversification (Created page with "'''Diversification''' is an investment and risk management strategy that involves distributing capital across different investments, asset classes, industries, geographic regions, or other exposures to reduce the impact of poor performance in any single investment or group of investments. The underlying principle is that investments with different risk and return characteristics may not respond identically to the same economic or market conditions. Diversification i...")
- 02:40, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Investment strategy (Created page with "'''Investment strategy''' is a systematic approach used by an investor or investment manager to select, allocate, manage, and monitor investments in accordance with defined financial objectives, risk tolerance, investment horizon, and other investment constraints. An investment strategy establishes the principles and methods used to determine what assets to hold, how much capital to allocate to them, and when portfolio positions should be adjusted. Investment strate...")
- 02:37, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Portfolio rebalancing (Created page with "'''Portfolio rebalancing''' is the process of buying, selling, or otherwise adjusting investments within a portfolio to restore its asset allocation to predetermined target weights. Rebalancing is used to maintain the intended relationship between different asset classes, securities, or investment strategies as changes in market prices cause portfolio weights to diverge from their target allocations. Portfolio rebalancing is a fundamental component o...")
- 02:36, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Benchmark (finance) (Created page with "'''Benchmark (finance)''' is a standard or reference measure used to evaluate the performance, risk, or characteristics of an investment, portfolio, financial instrument, or investment strategy. A benchmark provides a basis for comparison against which investment performance can be measured and analyzed. Financial benchmarks may represent a market index, interest rate, commodity price, currency rate, or other reference value. In Portfolio management, benchmarks...")
- 02:35, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Passive management (Created page with "'''Passive management''' is an investment management approach in which a portfolio is constructed and maintained to track the performance of a specified benchmark, market index, or other predefined investment strategy rather than to systematically outperform it. Passive management generally seeks to replicate the composition and performance characteristics of the underlying benchmark while minimizing unnecessary trading and management costs....")
- 02:34, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Active management (Created page with "'''Active management''' is an investment management approach in which a portfolio manager or investment team makes deliberate investment decisions with the objective of achieving returns different from, and typically higher than, those of a specified benchmark. Active management may involve security selection, asset allocation, sector allocation, market timing, or other investment decisions based on financial analysis, economic research, valua...")
- 02:33, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Portfolio management (Created page with "'''Portfolio management''' is the process of selecting, allocating, monitoring, and adjusting a collection of investments in accordance with an investor's financial objectives, risk tolerance, investment horizon, and other constraints. A portfolio may contain multiple asset classes, including equities, fixed-income securities, cash and cash equivalents, real estate, commodities, and alternative investments. Portfolio management combines investment an...")
- 02:31, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Asset management (Created page with "Asset management category")
- 02:31, 8 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Asset class (Created page with "'''Asset class''' is a category of financial assets that share similar characteristics, economic behavior, and regulatory or investment attributes. Assets within the same class are generally expected to exhibit comparable risk and return characteristics and may respond similarly to changes in economic conditions, interest rates, inflation, or market sentiment. Asset classes are used by investors, portfolio managers, financial institutions, and financial advisers to...")
- 10:16, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Tax Foundation (Created page with "'''Tax Foundation''' is an independent, nonpartisan nonprofit public policy research organization based in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded in 1937, the organization conducts research and analysis on federal, state, and international tax policy with the objective of promoting evidence-based discussion of taxation, fiscal policy, economic competitiveness, and public finance. The Tax Foundation publishes research reports, policy briefs, tax models, data sets, r...")
- 10:13, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Electricity Generator Levy (Created page with "'''Electricity Generator Levy''' ('''EGL''') is a temporary tax imposed by the United Kingdom on extraordinary revenues earned by certain low-carbon electricity generators. Introduced by the Finance Act 2023, the levy applies to qualifying electricity generated from renewable energy, nuclear power, and other low-carbon sources that benefited from exceptionally high wholesale electricity prices. The levy was introduced as part of the United Kingdom Government's re...")
- 10:12, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Energy Profits Levy (Created page with "'''Energy Profits Levy''' ('''EPL''') was a temporary windfall tax imposed by the United Kingdom on the extraordinary profits of oil and gas companies operating on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf (UKCS). Introduced in 2022 in response to exceptionally high energy prices following the global energy market disruptions associated with the COVID-19 recovery and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the levy sought to raise additional government revenue from producers ben...")
- 10:11, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Government Accountability Office (Created page with "'''Government Accountability Office''' ('''GAO''') is an independent, nonpartisan legislative branch agency of the United States federal government that provides auditing, evaluation, investigative, and advisory services to the United States Congress. Established in 1921 as the '''General Accounting Office''' under the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921, the agency was renamed the Government Accountability Office in 2004 to reflect its expanded responsibil...")
- 10:09, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Joint Committee on Taxation (Created page with "'''Joint Committee on Taxation''' ('''JCT''') is a nonpartisan committee of the United States Congress that assists Congress in matters relating to federal taxation. Established under the Revenue Act of 1926, the Joint Committee on Taxation provides technical analysis, revenue estimates, legislative support, oversight of the federal tax system, and economic analysis of proposed tax legislation. It serves both the United States House of Representatives and...")
- 10:07, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025 (Created page with "'''One Big Beautiful Bill Act of 2025''' ('''OBBBA''') is a United States federal law enacted in 2025 that introduced comprehensive changes to federal taxation, government spending, border security, defense, healthcare, education, and energy policy. The legislation was enacted through the congressional budget reconciliation process and forms a central component of President Donald Trump's second-term domestic policy agenda. It was signed into law on 4 July 2025....")
- 09:43, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 (Created page with "'''Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980''' was a federal law enacted by the United States in 1980 that imposed an excise tax on the additional revenues earned from the sale of domestically produced crude oil following the phased deregulation of petroleum prices. Despite its name, the legislation did not impose a tax directly on corporate profits; instead, it taxed the difference between the market price of crude oil and a legislatively defined base price, subjec...")
- 09:41, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (Created page with "'''Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries''' ('''OPEC''') is an intergovernmental organization of major oil-exporting countries that coordinates and harmonizes petroleum policies among its member states in order to stabilize international oil markets, promote efficient and secure energy supplies, ensure fair and stable returns for petroleum producers, and provide reliable supplies to consumers. Established in 1960, OPEC plays a significant role in the glob...")
- 09:37, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Brent crude (Created page with "'''Brent crude''' is a major international benchmark grade of crude oil used for pricing a significant proportion of the world's internationally traded crude oil. Produced primarily from oil fields in the North Sea between the United Kingdom and Norway, Brent crude serves as a reference price for crude oil produced in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and many other regions. Its price is widely used by producers, refiners, traders, governments, and financial instituti...")
- 09:36, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Think tank (Created page with "'''Think tank''' is an organization that conducts research, analysis, and policy studies to develop recommendations on public policy, economics, international relations, technology, national security, business, governance, and other issues of public importance. Think tanks produce evidence-based research intended to inform governments, policymakers, businesses, academic institutions, civil society organizations, and the public through reports, policy briefs, books, c...")
- 09:35, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Think tanks (Created page with "Global category for Think tanks")
- 09:34, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Center for American Progress (Created page with "'''Center for American Progress''' ('''CAP''') is a nonprofit public policy research and advocacy organization based in Washington, D.C., United States. Founded in 2003, the organization conducts research, develops public policy proposals, and publishes analysis on a wide range of domestic and international issues, including economic policy, national security, climate change, energy, healthcare, education, technology, democracy, civil rights, immigration, and foreign...")
- 09:27, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Fiscal policy (Created page with "'''Fiscal policy''' is the use of government taxation, public expenditure, and borrowing to influence economic activity, promote sustainable economic growth, stabilize prices, encourage employment, and achieve broader macroeconomic objectives. Fiscal policy is implemented primarily through a government's annual budget and other fiscal measures that affect aggregate demand, income distribution, and the allocation of public resources. Governments use fiscal policy to...")
- 09:25, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Windfall tax (Created page with "'''Windfall tax''' is a tax imposed by a government on unexpected or exceptionally high profits earned by individuals or businesses due to extraordinary market conditions rather than increased efficiency, innovation, or investment. Windfall taxes are typically levied on industries that experience sudden and substantial gains arising from external events such as commodity price surges, geopolitical conflicts, natural resource discoveries, financial crises, regulatory...")
- 07:37, 7 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:IndraStra Global (Created page with "IndraStra Global's pages") Tag: Visual edit