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12:37, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Payment tokenization (Created page with "'''Payment tokenization''' is a data-security process in which sensitive payment information, such as a primary account number (PAN), is replaced with a non-sensitive substitute known as a '''payment token'''. The token can be used in payment transactions without exposing the underlying card information to merchants or other parties that do not need access to it. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Payment tokenization is used to reduce...")
12:35, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Short selling (Created page with "'''Short selling''' is a trading strategy in which an investor sells a security that they do not currently own, typically by borrowing the security, with the expectation that its market price will decline. The investor later seeks to purchase the security at a lower price and return it to the lender. Short selling is commonly used for speculation, hedging, and portfolio risk management. ==Concept== A simplified short-selling t...")
12:34, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Speculation (Redirected page to Speculation (finance)) Tag: New redirect
12:34, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Speculation (finance) (Created page with "'''Financial speculation''' is the practice of taking a financial position with the expectation of profiting from anticipated changes in the price, value, or other characteristics of an asset or financial instrument. Speculators generally accept market risk in pursuit of potential returns. Unlike hedging, which primarily seeks to reduce or offset an existing exposure, speculation generally involves deliberately assuming or increasin...")
12:32, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Pages with math render errors (Created page with "Category:Pages with math render errors")
12:29, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Forward contract (Created page with "'''Forward contract''' is a derivative contract in which two parties agree to buy or sell an underlying asset, financial instrument, or other reference at a predetermined price on a specified future date. The predetermined price is commonly called the '''forward price'''. Unlike an option, a forward contract generally creates an obligation for both parties to complete the transaction according to the contractual terms....")
12:28, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Swap (finance) (Created page with "'''Swap''' is a derivative contract in which two parties agree to exchange specified cash flows according to predetermined terms over a specified period. The cash flows are generally calculated by reference to an underlying variable such as an interest rate, currency exchange rate, commodity price, or other financial reference. Swaps are commonly used for hedging, risk management, financing, and...")
12:27, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Derivative (finance) (Created page with "'''Financial derivative''' is a financial contract whose value is derived from the value or performance of an underlying asset, financial instrument, index, rate, or other reference variable. Derivatives are commonly used for hedging, speculation, arbitrage, portfolio management, and risk transfer. The underlying reference can include equities, bonds, commodities, currencies, interest rates, credit instr...")
12:25, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Hedging (Created page with "'''Hedging''' is a risk-management strategy in which an investor, business, or other market participant takes a position intended to offset or reduce the potential adverse effect of an existing exposure. Hedging is commonly used to manage risks arising from changes in asset prices, interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices, credit conditions, and other financial variables. A hedge generally reduces exposure to a particular risk rather than eliminating all inv...")
03:51, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Option (finance) (Created page with "'''Options''' are derivative contracts that give the holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset at a specified price within a specified period or on a specified date. The specified price is called the strike price or exercise price. The buyer of an option generally pays the seller, or writer, a premium for this right. Options are widely used for Hedging...")
03:49, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs moved page Texas Hedge to Texas hedge
03:48, 20 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Texas Hedge (Created page with "'''Texas hedge''' is an investment strategy in which an investor takes an offsetting position in a related security or financial instrument to reduce exposure to an existing position. The term is commonly used in financial markets and risk management. Unlike a conventional hedge that is designed primarily to reduce risk, a Texas hedge generally involves taking a position that can increase the potential for both gains and los...")
10:12, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Quantitative finance (Created page with "'''Quantitative finance''' is a field of financial economics that applies mathematics, statistics, probability theory, and computer science to the analysis, valuation, trading, and risk management of financial assets and portfolios. It is also known as '''mathematical finance''' or '''financial engineering''' in contexts where mathematical and computational methods are...")
10:10, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Factor model (Created page with "'''Factor model''' is a mathematical model used in financial economics, asset pricing, portfolio management, and quantitative finance to describe the relationship between an asset's return and one or more common factors. Factor models seek to explain differences in asset returns through systematic factors while separating those effects from asset-specific components. ==Gener...")
10:09, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Factor investing (Created page with "'''Factor investing''' is an investment approach that involves selecting and weighting securities according to specific characteristics, known as factors, that are associated with differences in expected returns, risk, or other investment outcomes. Factor investing can be implemented across asset classes and is commonly used in portfolio management, quantitative investing, and...")
10:08, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Arbitrage pricing theory (Created page with "'''Arbitrage pricing theory''' ('''APT''') is a multifactor asset-pricing theory that explains the expected return of an asset as a function of its sensitivity to multiple systematic risk factors. It was developed by Stephen Ross and introduced in 1976. Unlike the Capital asset pricing model (CAPM), which uses a single systematic risk factor represented by market beta, APT allows multiple economic and financial factors to influence expected...")
10:07, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Asset pricing (Created page with "'''Asset pricing''' is a field of Financial economics that studies how the prices and expected returns of financial assets are determined. It examines the relationship between an asset's expected cash flows, risk, uncertainty, investor preferences, and market conditions. Asset-pricing theory is used to analyze securities and financial claims such as stocks, bonds, derivatives, and other investment assets. ==Basic conc...")
10:01, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Financial economics (Created page with "'''Financial economics''' is a branch of economics that studies how financial markets, financial institutions, assets, and economic decisions interact. It applies economic theory and quantitative methods to questions involving the allocation of capital, valuation of financial assets, risk, investment, interest rates, and financial decision-making. Financial economics is closely related to finance, Financial econometrics|financial economet...")
09:59, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Risk premium (Created page with "'''Risk premium''' is the additional return that investors require or expect for holding an investment that carries risk compared with a relatively risk-free investment. It is a fundamental concept in financial economics, asset pricing, portfolio management, and corporate finance. The risk premium compensates investors for bearing different types of investment risk, depending on...")
09:58, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Beta (finance) (Created page with "'''Beta (finance)''' ('''β''') is a measure of an asset's or portfolio's sensitivity to movements in the return of a market benchmark. It is commonly used as a measure of systematic risk in the Capital asset pricing model (CAPM), portfolio management, and risk-adjusted performance analysis. A beta of 1 indicates that an asset has the same systematic risk as the market benchmark. A beta greate...")
09:57, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Jensen's alpha (Created page with "'''Jensen's alpha''' is a risk-adjusted return measure that evaluates the performance of an investment or portfolio relative to the return predicted by the Capital asset pricing model (CAPM). It measures the excess or shortfall of an investment's actual return relative to its CAPM-implied expected return, given its level of systematic risk. ==Calculation== Jensen's alpha is commonly calculated as: <math> \alpha_p = R_p - \left[ R_f + \...")
09:57, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Treynor ratio (Created page with "'''Treynor ratio''' is a risk-adjusted return measure that evaluates the excess return generated by an investment relative to its systematic risk. Unlike the Sharpe ratio, which uses total volatility as its measure of risk, the Treynor ratio uses beta to measure sensitivity to systematic market risk. ==Calculation== The Treynor ratio is commonly calculated as: <math> \text{Treynor Ratio} = \frac{R...")
09:56, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Sortino ratio (Created page with "'''Sortino ratio''' is a risk-adjusted return measure that evaluates the return of an investment relative to its downside risk. Unlike the Sharpe ratio, which uses total volatility, the Sortino ratio focuses on returns below a specified target or minimum acceptable return. ==Calculation== The Sortino ratio is commonly calculated as: <math> \text{Sortino Ratio} = \frac{R_p-R_t} {\sigma_d} </math> where: * <math>R_p</math> = portfolio...")
09:55, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Capital asset pricing model (Created page with "'''Capital asset pricing model''' ('''CAPM''') is a model in financial economics that describes the relationship between the expected return of an asset and its systematic risk. It is commonly used in asset pricing, portfolio management, corporate finance, and the estimation of the cost of equity. The model states that the expected return o...")
09:54, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Risk-adjusted return (Created page with "'''Risk-adjusted return''' is a measure of investment performance that evaluates the return generated by an investment relative to the amount or type of risk undertaken to achieve that return. It allows investors to compare investments with different levels of risk rather than considering returns alone. A simplified representation is: <math> \text{Risk-Adjusted Return} = \frac{\text{Investment Return}} {\text{Measure of Risk}} </math> The appropriate measure of ri...")
09:54, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Risk-free rate (Created page with "'''Risk-free rate''' is the theoretical rate of return on an investment that is assumed to have no risk of financial loss over a specified period. It is commonly used as a reference rate in financial economics, portfolio management, asset pricing, and risk-adjusted performance measurement. In practice, a truly risk-free investment does not exist. Financial analysts therefore...")
09:53, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Sharpe ratio (Created page with "'''Sharpe ratio''' is a risk-adjusted return measure that evaluates the excess return generated by an investment relative to the risk-free rate in relation to the volatility of the investment's returns. It was developed by William F. Sharpe. The Sharpe ratio is commonly used to compare the risk-adjusted performance of investment portfolios, funds, and securities. ==Calculation== The Sharpe ratio is commonly calculate...")
09:50, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Information ratio (Created page with "'''Information ratio''' ('''IR''') is a measure of the risk-adjusted performance of an investment portfolio relative to its benchmark. It compares the average active return generated by a portfolio with the variability of those active returns, commonly measured by tracking error. ==Calculation== The information ratio is commonly calculated as: <math> \text{Information Ratio} = \frac{\text{Average Active...")
09:49, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Active return (Created page with "'''Active return''' is the difference between the return of an investment portfolio and the return of its benchmark over a specified period. It measures whether a portfolio has outperformed or underperformed its benchmark. ==Calculation== Active return is calculated as: <math> \text{Active Return} = \text{Portfolio Return} - \text{Benchmark Return} </math> or, for period <math>t</math>: <math> A_t = R_{p,t} - R_{b,t} </math> where: * <m...")
09:47, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Tracking error (Created page with "'''Tracking error''' is a measure of the difference between the performance of an investment portfolio or fund and the performance of its benchmark. It is commonly used to evaluate how closely a portfolio follows the return characteristics of its benchmark. Tracking error is particularly relevant to passive investment strategies, index funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs), wher...")
09:47, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Russell US Indexes (Created page with "'''Russell US Indexes''' are a family of stock market indices designed to measure the performance of different segments of the United States equity market. They are maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG), and use rules-based methodologies based primarily on market capitalization, investability, and other eligibility criteria. The Russell US Indexes provide benchmarks for large-capitalization,...")
09:43, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Russell 1000 (Created page with "'''Russell 1000''' is a stock market index that measures the performance of approximately 1,000 of the largest eligible companies in the United States by market capitalization. It is part of the Russell US Indexes and is calculated and maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). ([lseg.com](https://www.lseg.com/en/ftse-russell/indices/russell-us/russell-1000)) The Russell 1000 is widely used...") Tag: Visual edit: Switched
08:38, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page FTSE All-Small (Created page with "'''FTSE All-Small''' is a stock market index within the FTSE UK Index Series that represents the smaller-capitalisation segment of the UK equity market. It combines the constituents of the FTSE SmallCap and FTSE Fledgling indices and therefore provides broader coverage of smaller UK-listed companies than either index individually. The FTSE All-Small is calculated and maintained by FTSE Russell, part of the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG)....") Tag: Visual edit
08:35, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Free float (Created page with "'''Free float''' refers to the proportion of a company's outstanding shares that is considered available for trading by investors in the public market. It excludes shares that are restricted from public trading or held in strategic positions, subject to the rules and methodology used to determine investability. Free float is an important concept in stock market indices because index providers may use free-float-adjusted market capitalization r...") Tag: Visual edit
08:33, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page FTSE Fledgling (Created page with "'''FTSE Fledgling''' is a stock market index within the FTSE UK Index Series that represents companies eligible for inclusion in the FTSE UK Index Series but too small to qualify for inclusion in the FTSE All-Share Index. It is calculated and maintained by FTSE Russell, part of the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} The FTSE Fledgling therefore represents a segment of smaller UK-listed companies below the si...") Tag: Visual edit
08:32, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page FTSE SmallCap (Created page with "'''FTSE SmallCap''' is a stock market index within the FTSE UK Index Series that represents smaller eligible companies in the UK equity market that are included in the FTSE All-Share Index but are not large enough to qualify for the FTSE 350. It is calculated and maintained by FTSE Russell, part of the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). The FTSE SmallCap provides exposure to the smaller-capitalisation segment of companies listed on the L...") Tag: Visual edit
08:30, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page FTSE All-Share Index (Created page with "'''FTSE All-Share Index''' is a stock market index designed to represent the broad performance of companies listed on the London Stock Exchange that meet the eligibility requirements of the FTSE UK Index Series. It combines the FTSE 100, FTSE 250, and FTSE SmallCap indices and provides broad coverage of the UK equity market. The FTSE All-Share is maintained and calculated by FTSE Russell, part of the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG)...") Tag: Visual edit
08:29, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page FTSE 350 (Created page with "'''FTSE 350''' is a stock market index that represents the combined performance of the constituents of the FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 indices. It therefore comprises 350 large- and mid-capitalisation companies that meet the applicable size, liquidity, and other eligibility requirements of the FTSE UK Index Series. The index is calculated and maintained by FTSE Russell. The FTSE 350 provides broader exposure to the large- and mid-cap segments of the U...") Tag: Visual edit
08:26, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page FTSE UK Index Series (Created page with "'''FTSE UK Index Series''' is a family of stock market indices designed to represent the performance of companies and securities across different capitalisation and industry segments of the United Kingdom equity market. The series is calculated and maintained by FTSE Russell, which is wholly owned by the London Stock Exchange Group (LSEG). :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} The FTSE UK Index Series includes major UK equity bench...")
08:25, 17 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page FTSE 250 (Created page with "'''FTSE 250''' is a stock market index that represents the performance of 250 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) that rank immediately below the constituents of the FTSE 100 by market capitalization, subject to the index's eligibility and classification rules. The FTSE 250 is widely regarded as a benchmark for the performance of medium-sized companies in the United Kingdom. It is maintained by FTSE Russell, a subsi...")
00:11, 10 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Distributed ledger technology (Created page with "'''Distributed ledger technology''' ('''DLT''') refers to technologies that enable records or data to be shared, synchronized, and maintained across multiple participants or locations in a network without necessarily relying on a single centralized database. DLT can use distributed databases, cryptographic techniques, consensus mechanisms, and other technologies to maintain a shared record among participating entities. Blockchain is a type of distributed ledger...")
23:30, 9 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Blockchain (Created page with "Category:Blockchain")
23:29, 9 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Distributed ledger technology (Created page with "Category:Distributed ledger technology")
23:29, 9 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Financial technology (Created page with "Category:Financial technology")
23:29, 9 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Blockchain (Created page with "'''Blockchain''' is a type of distributed ledger technology (DLT) in which transactions or other records are grouped into blocks and linked sequentially using cryptographic techniques. A blockchain is maintained by a network of computers according to a defined protocol for validating, recording, and synchronizing data. Blockchain technology can be used to maintain shared records without relying on a single centralized database admin...")
23:28, 9 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Cryptocurrency (Created page with "Category:Cryptocurrency")
23:27, 9 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Cryptocurrency (Created page with "'''Cryptocurrency''' is a type of digital asset that uses cryptographic techniques and distributed ledger technology (DLT) or similar technology to record, secure, and transfer ownership or transaction information. Cryptocurrencies are generally privately issued rather than issued by a central bank or government. The term is commonly used for digital assets that operate through decentralized or di...")
23:25, 9 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Financial technology (Created page with "'''Financial technology''' ('''FinTech''' or '''fintech''') refers to the use of technology to provide, automate, improve, or transform financial products, services, processes, and infrastructure. Financial technology encompasses software, digital platforms, data systems, communications networks, and other technologies used across banking, payments, lending, investment, insurance, capital markets, and financial management. The term can refer both to technologies use...")
23:25, 9 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Category:Electronic trading (Created page with "Category:Electronic trading")
23:25, 9 August 2026 WikiSysopIG talk contribs created page Electronic trading (Created page with "'''Electronic trading''' is the use of computer networks, electronic communication systems, and digital platforms to facilitate the buying and selling of financial instruments and other tradable assets. It allows market participants to submit, route, match, execute, and manage orders electronically without requiring direct participation through traditional physical trading venues. Electronic trading is widely used in stock markets, Bond market|bon...")